7.2 Software

Batch operating systems process jobs in groups with no user interaction during execution.

• Used for non‑interactive applications
• Designed for high‑volume processing
• Use scheduling to manage workloads

Multitasking operating systems allow multiple tasks to be executed concurrently.

• Use time‑slicing to share processor time
• Handle interrupts to manage task switching
• Common in personal computers and servers

Real‑time operating systems respond to inputs within strict time constraints.

• Used for monitoring and control applications
• Support real‑time transaction processing

Network operating systems manage shared network resources.

• Support resource sharing
• Provide user and access management
• Enable communication between devices

Mobile operating systems are designed for smartphones and tablets.

• Optimised for lower processing requirements
• Designed to extend battery life
• Support touch‑based interfaces

Utility software helps manage, maintain, and protect computer systems.

• File management
• Defragmenters
• File compression tools
• Package managers
• Protection software
• Backup software

Application software allows users to perform specific tasks. Common types include:

• Word processors
• Spreadsheets
• Databases
• Email applications
• Project management software